The charcoal plant proposed for Canberra's playground on the south coast offers a local and current example of the best and worst features of the emerging information society. One the one hand, a community coalition is volunteering their time and effort to produce an integrated, useful and rich information source. On the other, the NSW government web site, partly funded by rates from properties on the south coast, returns 'no matches' for silicon plant, charcoal plant, or Broulee. For Mogo, there is one link to a health service.
This is a story of two technologies: one is empowering, decentralised, user-friendly and responsive to citizen needs. The other technology is glossy but cumbersome, lacking in transparency, and quite divorced from the democratic process.
It is reasonable to ask, in 2002, how technology can provide a 'democratic dividend'. That is, in what ways can information and online engagement help to make government not just more efficient and cost-effective, but qualitatively better and more accountable?
This does not mean overlooking the considerable problems of the digital divide. Of course, many people still do not have online access, and do not want to spend time before an often confusing computer screen. It is more productive to see online government and the information policy that underpins it in a wider framework. This is true of other electronic communications. The telephone didn't kill dinner parties and back fence chats, and television isn't the sole reason for changes in family structure. All technology has to fit into existing values and patterns of interaction. From this new patterns and interactions can arise that over time can influence relations and outcomes.
As citizens, whether on or off line, we would probably like extensive background information on an issue, such as the proposed charcoal plant, that helps us have an informed view. Many of us would also like to influence the decision making process. We would like to know what the government process is, and how and when decisions are being made. Beyond that, we benefit from knowing what others are thinking and saying, so that our views can take into account different perspectives and possibilities. Having a public record of what the public is saying is a valuable form of transparency that can contribute to accountability. If the chorus of voices says 'no', and the government proceeds, there is something wrong with the democratic process.
There is really not much to report on the NSW government provision of information about this issue. One activist laughed and said she wouldn't even bother to look there. But electronic democracy is my research area, and my email tray is full of best practice examples and initiatives from all over the world on how electronic communications are changing our expectations of government.
It was therefore startling to look at the NSW government web site for how and where to send a submission on the charcoal plant, only to draw repeated blanks. This was well before the date for submissions had closed. Only after several calls to Sydney was I able to find out where to send this. Nor is there any indication of the various departments and processes involved. I was unsure whether this was an issue to do with forestry, planning, environment, business, energy or regional issues. These departmental web sites also have no information about this issue. An officer in the deputy premier's department would only say that the guidelines for consultation and information had been followed. But in a turnabout of the digital divide issue, it doesn't help a resident of Canberra if the plans are on display in a library in Moruya. As a ratepayer there, I am disenfranchised from participation.
After more phone calls, someone from forestry agreed to send me some files about the issue, but wouldn't discuss why these weren't posted on the web site. The web site gives no indication of the complexity of the approval process, or the timing. Apparently, even hard copies of the Environmental Impact Statement are no longer available for purchase, much less available electronically. Nor is the NSW government making the 1500 submissions on this issue available for all to see and search. They have announced that all but a small handful were negative. But we are unable to communicate with our fellow citizens about this, and are kept in isolation by a government charged with facilitating democratic decision making. Finding out the details of the energy pricing, road maintenance contributions, or any concessions made by government is even more difficult.
The community web site (http://www.acr.net.au/~coastwatchers/charcoalition/) is a sharp contrast, with news, a site map, a full list of documents for download, information about the companies involved, people to contact, and details on an array of 13 issues relating to the project, such as wastes, jobs, water, transport, etc. There is a mailing list for keeping up to date, which provides precious two-way communications. The site is simple, clear, easy to use, and updated regularly. From a citizen perspective, it looks like the community sector is 'carrying the can' on democratic information and engagement.
Some information is only accessible by expert searching, such as company backgrounds or financing arrangements. Some of this is surely commercial in confidence. However, the charcoal will be used to produce silicon, and this element is of increasing importance to modern, technology-driven warfare. How can we be assured that our beautiful coastal environment will not be damaged for the sake of even greater destruction far away? This goes well beyond 'not in my backyard' attitudes, and raises concerns about broad responsibilities in a highly interdependent global environment. We need to know what our government is condoning, and the end purchasers of this product.
Queensland and Victoria have announced e-democracy initiatives which will hopefully lift the game for all Australian governments. But rhetoric about e-government has to be matched by a commitment to openness and true empowerment. There is a long history which indicates technology use is driven by dominant values. It is a metaphor and a mirror for the accepted patterns of decision making.
The hype which surrounded the dot com mania resembled other techno-utopian infatuations. When radio was invented, educational stations sprang up and thrived with a vision of delivering information to their communities. But the lobbyists for the advertising industry prevailed, and the radio spectrum was largely privatised. Cable TV was also heralded as a boon to local communities. Some claimed it would allow greater local input and dialogue. Email's turn came in the 1980s, when it was still mostly limited to organisational applications. Then, some serious researchers claimed that because it reduced social cues, it made the workplace more egalitarian. The glow didn't last, as it became obvious that in real world situations the social and hierarchical structures determined who got to say what to who.
Today the role of the collection of technologies known as the Internet is hotly debated. Can we become a global village, using computers to expand accountable governance beyond the national borders? Or is the Internet a cesspool where the worst human vices are cultivated through communication with sick puppies everywhere?
Every week one government or another announces a new e-government strategy. We are told in glowing terms of the ways in which new technologies will streamline government service delivery, and make it easier to find essential information. And often, these strategies do result in better access to essential services. But efforts to use these technologies in the policy process is relatively recent. As a public servant my suggestions to provide better information about the policy process were greeted with disdain. Sincere efforts to seek better governance require money and an open, iterative approach to improvement. But there are ample indications, including the charcoal plant, that good government may be expensive, but bad government is unaffordable.
Dr Geiselhart is a researcher in electronic democracy at RMIT University
Dr. Karin Geiselhart
School of Business Information Technology
RMIT University Melbourne
ph 03 9925 1352
fax 03 9925 5482
http://www.bf.rmit.edu.au/kgeiselhart